The analysis of brain oscillations indicated a lower frontal Theta activity of the Old-Low group relative to the Young group. A higher variability of driving lane should reflect a higher effort of crosswind compensation and thus higher mental workload. Uncontrollable Factors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191500.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191500.s002. The frontal Theta activity (4–7 Hz) is associated with mental activity and cognitive control, for example, in reinforcement learning tasks (e.g. Yes However, some studies showed a decrease of Alpha activity with increasing task complexity [21]. The car rolls to the slow lane and stops. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191500.s005. Therefore, the ideal path was defined for each participant individually on the basis of his/her own driving data. In addition, driving lane variability was determined for the entirety of the younger group. These are also known as leading and lagging indicators. The participants could therefore ignore the tones. What do you do? e0191500. These difficulties could be associated with attentional withdrawal (as indicated by high Alpha activity) and the requirement of high cognitive control and mental workload (as indicated by high Theta activity) to adequately perform the driving task. (2017) [32] recently proposed two different driving states, a proactive state in which the brain anticipates and actively plans the responses to sensory driving information, and a rather reactive state in which the brain reacts to environmental information. Instinctively, you try to get the car into the middle lane as the vehicles behind you will be coming in your direction at around 110 KM/H and that’s a very dangerous situation and you know it. Cars whizz by and after about 30 minutes you realize, that you might be stuck there for quite a while before help arrives. The only difference is: you do the reacting ahead of time. All subjects provided informed written consent and all experimental procedures were approved by the local ethics committee of the Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors. While there were no statistically significant main effects of group (both p > .05; η2 < .10), there were significant interactions of crosswind level and group (POz: F(2,52) = 6.27, p = .009, η2 = .19; FCz: F(2,52) = 7.41, p = .005, η2 = .22; Fig 3B), indicating a greater effect of crosswind (i.e., decreasing Beta power with increasing crosswind) in the Old-High than Old-Low group. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. EEG electrodes were arranged on the basis of the International 10–10 system and two additional electrodes were placed on the left and right mastoids. The study complied with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Dividing the older group in two subgroups with low vs. high driving lane variability revealed differences between the two groups in electrophysiological correlates of mental workload, consumption of mental resources, and activation and sustaining of attention: Older drivers with high driving lane variability showed higher frontal Alpha and Theta activity than older drivers with low driving lane variability and—with increasing crosswind—a more pronounced decrease in Beta activity. Yes In a one-hour driving simulator lane-keeping task on a monotonous road with different crosswind levels no significant differences in driving error were found between the groups tested. In the theoretical framework of a driving task, Garcia et al. In the present study, it was therefore hypothesized that a proactive driving state should be associated with a low driving lane variability in combination with a strong Beta and fronto-central Theta activity in the low-workload group. Investigation, Hanslmayr and colleagues (2012) [46] demonstrated that desynchronization in alpha and beta power is associated with the encoding and retrieval of memory. It is their prefixes that make all the difference. The underlying mechanisms of high driving abilities were studied by post-hoc subdividing the group of older participants into a high-workload (Old-High) and a low-workload (Old-Low) group. Since the ‘battery indicator’ comes on, you make the most logical assumption that your battery is fine and that the engine is caput. One method to determine the IAF is the gravity frequency (GF) method. Levene’s test was used to control the homogeneity of variance and in case of inhomogeneous variances, degrees of freedom were adjusted. Reactive definition is - of, relating to, or marked by reaction or reactance. Even in healthy aging these changes may have an impact on everyday behavior, especially on complex tasks like driving a car in dense traffic environments [2]. 1. Driving Force. On the other hand, a proactive one can anticipate the challenges your business might face at a specific moment in time. Crosswind level had an effect on lane keeping performance: Increasing crosswind, reflecting increasing task difficulty, resulted in larger driving errors in all groups, as also found in previous studies [39, 40]. Accordingly, referring to mathematical models of information theory, the degree of encoded information is related to the amount of desynchronization, in a way that "… the more information needs to be encoded, the more desynchronized the firing of local neural assemblies needs to be" ([46] p.7). These results suggest differences in driving strategies of older and younger drivers, with the older drivers using either a rather proactive and alert driving strategy (indicated by low driving lane variability and lower Alpha and Beta activity), or a rather reactive strategy (indicated by high driving lane variability and higher Alpha activity). (A) Experimental environment with driving simulator configuration and (B) task set-up with one initial practice block followed by three experimental blocks. I am blogger. The present results are in accordance with the idea of two different neuro-behavioral states that have recently been demonstrated as fluctuations in the on-going oscillatory activity in a driving task with younger participants [32]. A potential method for exploring the underlying cognitive processes of more or less successful car driving are neurophysiological measures. Be it the education sector, entrainment industry, or business sector, the coronavirus has changed how everything... Foremost, what is HDonline? Effective compensation strategies may therefore explain why—despite a general trend of an age-related decline—some studies did not find any differences in driving performance between younger and older drivers [14, 15]. Writing – original draft, Understanding the Result of Your Company Culture: Proactive vs. Reactive ... Dr. Donte Vaughn is the VP of Organizational Leadership and Culture with over 16 years of experience driving results in the public and private business sector. Thus, younger participants and older participants with low and high driving lane variability did not differ in their ability to keep lane on the individual ideal path. On the other hand, the Old-High drivers responded rather reactive on crosswind, which resulted in a delayed compensatory steering activity and a higher driving lane variability. Software, Proactive people’s behavior is a product of their conscious behaviors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191500, Editor: Dezhong Yao, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, CHINA, Received: August 27, 2017; Accepted: January 6, 2018; Published: January 19, 2018. Kardos and colleagues (2014) [41] related this decline to the “inability to efficiently recruit attentional resources” of older adults which, for example, may result in deteriorated memory performance. Here it was expected that low-workload older drivers use different (potentially compensating) driving strategies than younger ones. Such compensation in driving strategies should be reflected by additional brain activity in Theta and/or Beta band in the Old-Low group relative to the young group. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191500.g002. Funding: This work was supported by a grant awarded to MK by the German Research Foundation (DFG http://www.dfg.de/; KA 412072-1). Fee: $ 195+HST Option 2 – Pro Active Driving Workshop plus In-Vehicle Evaluation. In a proactive strategy, you foresee a problem and find ways to mitigate it. Reactive people experience stimulus and response as “welded” together. In a class, there are 30 students and the teacher explains the concepts to all of them. Reactive people let their circumstances and conditions control them. The coronavirus pandemic has taken every industry by storm. GF is a measure of a central tendency within a given frequency range (most common in the alpha band) and is defined as the weighted sum of spectral estimates, divided by the total power [21, 38]. Segments with EEG artifacts were removed using the statistics based tools as implemented in EEGLAB. Mean power values for Alpha, Beta, and Theta bands were calculated for a fronto-central (FCz) and a posterior electrode site (POz), and subjected to three-way ANOVAs with within-subject factors crosswind condition (no, weak, strong) and electrode site (FCz, POz) and between-subject factor group (contrasting Old-Low vs. Old-High drivers or Old-Low vs. Young drivers; see above). Yes Proactive vs. Reactive PR: Why Both are Essential to Your Public Relations Strategy By Sarah | April 2, 2019 A good public relations strategy brings a mix of many different tactics to the table – pitching, active outreach, hosting media and FAMs, attendance at media shows, desksides, and more. You know a little, about engines, based on conversations with friends and mechanics and arrive at the conclusion that your starter motor is faulty and the only way out of this situation is to get your car towed to the workshop and get a mechanic to fix it. This decrease of Beta power has been interpreted to reflect “the difficulty in activation and deficits in sustaining attentional processes” ([45] p. 334). On the other hand, subtle differences in driving competence and driving strategies between older drivers may not become manifest in overt performance. Fronto-central and posterior Theta power decreased with increasing crosswind (FCz: F(2,52) = 3.79, p = .048, η2 = .13; POz: F(2,52) = 3.79, p = .055, η2 = .13; Fig 3C). Have students write or discuss a proactive response for all of the situations they identified as reactive on handout. Understanding Your Options for a Totaled Car. Supervision, Many, but not all of those drivers have deficits in basic vision (e.g. The experiment started with a practice block in which the participants became familiar with the task. All these functions can influence the performance in complex tasks like car driving. ). Everything goes well, as planned, kids are tired, wife dozing off in the passenger seat and you are still 120 KM from home, and the nearest gas station is about 40KM ahead and your car’s engine just dies. Yes Before each 2-minutes segment short transfer-intervals (duration 1 sec) were introduced to avoid artificial changes in crosswind level. There are numerous risks – internally and externally – that exist within a company and across a supply chain. Distracted driving is entirely made up of reactive driving, as the only thing a driver can do is drive out of the corner of his eye. You drove 230 KM to the holiday destination on Friday, the drive was pleasant, you reached your destination, had a good time with your family and planned to drive back after dinner back home 230 KM away. Thus, the relative decrease of Beta power at the high crosswind level (which was most pronounced in the older group with high driving lane variability) may be based on a stronger desynchronization of Beta power, reflecting the increased encoding of information in the most demanding task condition. Now’s the Perfect Time, The Numerous Benefits For Registering Your Business, The Fate of Reality TV Shows in Coronavirus Pandemic. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Posterior Alpha power was stronger in the Old-High than Old-Low group (F(1,26) = 4.34, p = .047, η2 = .14), and there was no main effect of crosswind level and no interaction of group and crosswind level (both p > .05; all η2 < .11; Fig 3A). The experiment took place in a static driving simulator (ST Sim; ST Software B.V. Groningen, NL; Fig 1A). You take matters into your own hands, and pop the hood to have a look inside. Each experimental block consisted of nine segments with three different crosswind levels. The subdivision into an Old-High and Old-Low group was based on the assumption that a higher variability of driving lane (indicated by a higher steering activity) should reflect a higher effort of crosswind compensation and, in turn, higher driving workload. The fronto-central Beta power decreased with increasing crosswind (F(2,52) = 4.89, p = .020, η2 = .16), while there were no significant main effects of group or interactions of crosswind level and group, neither for posterior, nor fronto-central Beta power (all p > .05; all η2 < .03; Fig 3B). Companies that have adopted a proactive approach anticipate an issue and seek ways to find solutions. The proactive state is characterized by a strong activity in the Beta and Delta bands, while the reactive state is characterized by activity primarily within the alpha band. Which is a big problem. Think of proactive vs reactive cyber security like defensive driving and hospitals. The primary difference between proactive and reactive marketing is planning. This difference in Theta power could be based on a general age-related decline in frontal Theta activity, which has also been observed in previous studies [41]. The driving error increased with increasing crosswind (F(2,78) = 67.35, p < .001, η2 = .63; Fig 2A). Project administration, It is 9 PM Sunday and you are driving your Perodua home from a weekend vacation with your family. Both measures, driving error and driving lane variability, were calculated separately for the three levels of crosswind. Proactive or Reactive: Which Mode Are You In? Option 1 – Pro Active Driving Workshop, classroom only portion. Methodology, Roles In addition to a general age-related decline, aging is also associated with an increase in inter-individual variability in cognitive performance [12]. All of them had normal or corrected to normal vision and hearing and did not show any signs of simulator sickness during testing. In contrast, a reactive driving state should be associated with a high driving lane variability and a strong posterior Alpha activity in the high-workload group. Writing – review & editing. How to Find and License the Premium Drone Footage and Aerial Photos for My Projects ? At the end of the year you should be evaluating your safety and loss control program to … The key difference between proactive and reactive strategy is that proactive strategy is used for future while reactive strategy is used for the current context. Training interventions for improving the traffic safety of older drivers should therefore favour a more proactive and alert driving strategy that should leave more mental resources available for responding to additional critical events while driving. The sine waves consisted of eight different superimposing and phase-delaying sinusoid signals, and the resulting lateral force was unpredictable for the participants. Reactive maintenance operates on a “run-to-failure” philosophy that minimizes maintenance time and investment. I’m responsible for my own happiness or unhappiness. Validation, As expected, driving lane variability differed between groups (F(2,39) = 9.54, p < .001, η2 = .33), and post-hoc t-tests confirmed that the Old-High group had a higher driving lane variability than the Old-Low group (p = .004), while the Old-Low group did not differ from the Young group (p = .768). By Youki Terada. With the aid of ADJUST [37] and additional visual inspection artifacts were semi-automatically identified and removed. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Being reactive in the business of health and safety can turn out to be too little too late. These are proactive stud… Visualization, You do the right thing and get your kids out of the car and get them and your wife to the emergency lane, and you go back to the car, put it on neutral, release the handbrakes and push the car slowly as your wife helps to the emergency lane, put the hazard signs up 200 meters away and call for a towing service, nobody picks up, it is Sunday, and it is already 11.00 PM and the traffic is thin. If you're a business owner, you've probably been told that you just ought to be using search engine optimization over once or double. Proactive marketing is defined by the use of analytics to determine the best direction for a … due to eye diseases [16]) or preclinical or early stage of dementia [17]. To simulate weak and strong crosswind, the slope of the road varied as a function of lateral force of several sine waves (1/25.6, 1/17, 1/12.8, 1/10.2, 1/8.6, 1/7.2, 1/6.4, and 1/5.6 Hz). Since decreased Beta activity is usually associated with lower mental workload, this result appears to be counterintuitive at the first glance, because older drivers with high driving lane variability tended to show higher mental workload while driving (as indicated by a higher frontal Theta power than the Old-low group). Electrode impedance was kept below 10 kΩ. Understanding the Differences between Proactive vs. Reactive. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. In contrast, Old-High participants showed a higher frontal Theta activity than Old-Low participants. One well-established method is the analysis of oscillatory brain activity, with the frequency bands of the EEG reflecting different mental processes of perception and cognition: In the present context, three frequency bands are of particular interest, the Alpha, Theta, and Beta bands. Which One Do You Have? August 7, 2019 ©Edutopia. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Your email address will not be published. July 12, 2012 I consistently stand in front of customers wanting the same thing from their performance monitoring tool sets. The posterior and fronto-central Theta power was stronger in the Young than Old-Low group (POz: F(1,26) = 7.04, p = .013, η2 = .21; FCz: F(1,26) = 19.34, p < .001, η2 = .43), while there were no significant main effects of crosswind level, and no interactions of crosswind level and group (all p > .05; all η2 < .08; see Fig 3C). The opposite of a proactive person is a reactive person. Aging is associated with a large heterogeneity in the extent of age-related changes in sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Cognitive factors comprise slowing in response speed [4], problems in dividing and switching of attention [5, 6], declines of performance in dual- or multitask situations [7], and deficits in inhibition of irrelevant stimuli and of inappropriate responses in the driving context [2, 8]. There was no additional external funding for this study. Oscillations in Alpha band (8–13 Hz) are most evident at posterior regions of the head, and are traditionally associated with mental fatigue [20]. Additionally, six electro-oculography (EOG) electrodes were positioned around the two eyes to record horizontal and vertical eye movements. Proactive vs. Reactive. Smart, Spacious, and Speedy: Meet the Lincoln Corsair. The publication of this article was supported by the Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association and by the Open Access Fund of the Technical University of Dortmund. With reference to the present lane-keeping task, the two subgroups of older drivers could prefer different driving strategies. Fundamentally, proactive maintenance might be described as the opposite of reactive maintenance. Proactive policing is the newer concept of policing that enlists the practice of … Fee: $ 305+HST In-Vehicle Evaluation is Saturday after workshop (between 3.15 to 5.15).However, due to high volumes and limited resources some students may have to return on the Learn how your comment data is processed. here. This driving strategy is associated with an overall reduced Alpha and Theta activity. While the Young and Old-Low groups did not differ, frontal Beta activity was slightly stronger in the Old-High than Old-Low group. Reactive people think that stimulus and response are inextricably connected. New teachers—and experienced ones too—can find ideas here on how to stop disruptive behavior before it begins. Methodology, If you look closely, both words reactive and proactive have the root word active common in them. The difference between these two approaches is the perspective each one provides in … Yes No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191500, www.nhtsa.gov/staticfiles/nti/pdf/811468a.pdf. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Overall, younger and older drivers showed comparable driving performance (lane keeping). Project administration, Copyright: © 2018 Karthaus et al. If you own a car, but somehow discarded your car workshop manuals, you could get a copy direct from your dealers or the manufacturer as having your car manual in your at all times is as important as having a spare tyre! The present study used these brain oscillatory measures to explore the cortical basis of inter-individual differences in driving performance and driving strategies of younger and older drivers. https://ureadthis.com/proactive-drivers-vs-reactive-drivers Proactive strategy differs from reactive strategy mainly in that proactive strategy is used for the future, whereas reactive strategy is used for events that take place in the present. Aging is associated with changes in perceptual, motor, and cognitive functioning [1]. What is the Effective Way to Backtest Trading Strategies? For exploring electrophysiological correlates of mental workload the group of older participants was subdivided into two subgroups with low vs. high driving lane variability. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Accident analysis and statistics from different countries confirm these results: Most crashes caused by elderly drivers are the consequences of ignoring the right of way (especially at intersections), and of incorrect (left) turns and lane changes [10, 11]. The sample consisted of 14 younger (mean age = 25.1, SD = 2.7; range 20–31 years; 7 women) and 28 older participants (mean age = 64.6, SD = 3.7; range 56–70 years; 12 women). The electroencephalogram (EEG) allows the exploration of human information processing and cognitive functioning at a very high time resolution in situations, where no overt performance can be measured. The individual mental workload of compensating crosswind was operationalized by the variability of driving lane, as proposed by Verwey and Veltman (1996) [30]. These impairments are even enhanced under time pressure or in very complex and unpredictable situations [9]. You check for loose wires, jiggle this and that, but nothing happens, you turn the ignition – nothing. The participants had to drive at a constant speed of 31 mph on a monotonous straight two-lane road through grassland. As you slow down, you see a 10-wheeler truck approaching, about 60 meters away from the intersection, while you are just 10 meters away. Reactive is responding to a situation rather than creating or controlling it. No, Is the Subject Area "Sensory perception" applicable to this article? The driving task was performed without any break or interruption and lasted 60 minutes. Yes Proactive Maintenance vs. Reactive Maintenance. The Winners and Losers of Google’s May 2020 Core Update, 5 Ways Employee ID Cards Will Improve Your Organization, Remodelling Your Cottage? No real person is always proactive or always reactive — I think the important thing is to find a balance that tilts in the direction that you want your character to go, rather than trying to make sure that they behave one way or the other at every moment of the story. The more prominent decrease in Beta activity with increasing task difficulty that was observed in the Old-High subgroup of the present study suggests that older participants with high driving lane variability had more difficulties in activation and sustaining of attentional processes while driving (as indicated by higher frontal Beta activity) than older drivers with low driving lane variability. Data were bandpass-filtered (0.5–45 Hz), down-sampled to 128 Hz, and segments from 500 to 1000 ms around the irrelevant auditory distracters were extracted. Data curation, Investigation, here. As the spectral properties of the EEG vary strongly between individuals, in particular when different age groups are considered, the frequency bands for each subject were adjusted individually based on the individual alpha frequency (IAF). The younger participants (driving license since 6 years on average) were mainly recruited from local colleges and universities, and the older participants (driving license since 45 years on average) were recruited by regional newspaper advertisements. Proactive Vs Reactive Risk Management - An important concept but at times not well understood Published on December 29, 2018 December 29, 2018 • 113 Likes • 5 Comments Citation: Karthaus M, Wascher E, Getzmann S (2018) Proactive vs. reactive car driving: EEG evidence for different driving strategies of older drivers.