In political theory, Hegel advocated an organic theory of the state positing that individuals are merely parts of the whole (a form of collectivism often also attributed to Platonism). Taoism - Teleology - Tetralemma - Theistic finitism - Thelema - Theology - Theosophy - Thomism - Traditionalist School - Transcendent theosophy (al-Hikmat al-Muta’liyah) - Transcendental idealism - Transcendentalism - Transcendental perspectivism - Transhumanism - Transmodernism - Type physicalism Another meaning of pacifism – connected with the actions and views of reformers like Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), and Martin Luther King (1929-1968) – is the ideal of non-violence in human affairs (akin to the moral aspect of anarchism). Because materialists generally assert that matter can be known completely in terms of physical laws (see reductionism), they often lend theoretical support to determinism. (ethics) Any theory holding that the individual, not any sort of collective entity, is the proper beneficiary of action; thus individualism is essentially the same as egoism and is opposed to altruism or ethical collectivism. (ethics) The view that ethical value is not absolute but dependent on a specific personal, historical, or societal context. ], (approach) Reduction of complex phenomena into their constituent elements or into simpler or more fundamental phenomena. [From Latin intellectualis: having to do with mind or knowledge.]. (general) A theory, doctrine, movement, or approach in philosophy, religion, politics, science, the arts, or a related discipline. (metaphysics) A form of dualism asserting that mental events can cause physical events and vice-versa. [From English legal: relating to law; derived from Latin lex: law.]. [From Sanskrit budh: to awaken or to know.]. The former three belong to metaphysics, which is about what sort of things there are. The dialectical aspect derives from Hegelianism, which holds that history proceeds in something like the stages of a conversation, with each stage overcoming the previous stages and therefore coming closer to finally attained unity or truth. Further, the Stoics believed that true virtue or excellence lies in not experiencing strong passions or negative emotions caused by outside events (cf. (epistemology) The idea that one cannot know whether or not gods exist. (politics) Anarchism is inspired by the moral-political ideal of a society untouched by relations of power and domination among human beings. This view was sometimes seen as an accurate description – or an inexcusable attempt at justification – of modern capitalism. Image source: The Motley Fool. [From Latin conservare: to keep or preserve. Physicalism is often associated with determinism and reductionism. (ethics) The view that the function of ethics is to tell people what they should do, not merely to describe what people actually do (thus opposed to descriptivism). (metaphysics) A form of theism holding that there is more than one god; it is compatible with henotheism but incompatible with monotheism, by which it was supplanted in the history of Western religion. (epistemology) Any theory of knowledge that considers feeling to be a valid means of knowledge (similar to but less intellectualistic than intuitionism). [From Latin modernus: that which exists now.]. (epistemology) The view that language or society is to be studied in terms of structural units or the arrangement of its parts (opposed, for example, to dynamism); in particular, epistemological structuralism influenced various schools of social, political, and literary theory in the 20th century, often overlapping with Marxism and related political movements. (ethics) The view that the proper beneficiary of a person’s actions is the self, not others as in altruism. Communism is sometimes also called international socialism in contrast to the national socialism of fascism. The first influential dualist theory in Western philosophy was Platonism, since Plato claimed that there are two different realities: the physical world of appearances and the higher world of intelligible forms, ideas, or essences. I’m not suggesting agnosticism towards everything. (epistemology) Pyrrho was a painter and poet who accompanied Alexander the Great on his Asian campaign and apparently underwent a philosophical conversion in Gandhara on the northwestern fringes of India, fueling speculation that he was influenced by early Buddhism. The term egoism is used more frequently in philosophy than the term egotism, which in common usage implies an utter disregard for other people (whereas a broad notion of egoism could include regard for friends, family, etc.). (aesthetics) Any theory that emphasizes the importance of artistic form, often in preference to artistic content; examples include some varieties of classicism and modernism. (aesthetics) With regard to the visual arts, realism is the portrayal of scenes, objects, and people in ways that are immediately intelligible to the viewer; this is often called representationalism and is usually contrasted with abstractionism. (metaphysics) The idea that the external world is merely an illusion; a radical kind of phenomenalism associated with certain forms of pessimism and first posited by Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). (ethics) An idea or intellectual stance (similar to nihilism or skepticism) that rejects conventional morality, systematic approaches to ethics, or even ethics as such. (epistemology) The idea that concepts have actual referents in reality and therefore that human beings can and do possess reliable knowledge, both perceptual and conceptual, about reality (essentially a kind of optimism about the possibility of knowledge). Here's a short list of some common isms that we see in society every day. Many varieties of Hinduism are known for their belief in both a personal and a universal soul (Atman / Brahman), individual liberation (moksha), reincarnation (samsara), and the consequences of actions (karma). While Epicureanism was more individualistic than the competing school of Stoicism, its view of happiness was less activist than that of Aristotelianism and can even be compared to some Eastern views like Taoism. (ethics) The view (opposed to individualism) that the proper goal of life is the welfare of all human beings; a specific form of altruism. Other key concepts include right living, work, pleasure, and liberation as the four goals of human life, and action, wisdom, and devotion as disciplines (yogas) leading to personal liberation. (epistemology) The view that conceptual knowledge consists of non-arbitrary abstractions from perceptual knowledge, but that concepts do not have an independent existence. Feminism is sometimes extended to assert that women are superior to men in ethics (e.g., more sensitive or altruistic) or even in epistemology (e.g., more wise or insightful). Click here for a list of past winners.. ISMS 2020 Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Competition. Most kinds of ethical individualism are forms of eudaimonism, but for instance this is not true of existentialism. Although the main conceptualist in philosophical history was Peter Abailard (1079-1142), Aristotelianism is also sometimes considered to be a form of conceptualism. (politics) A form of collectivism that emphasizes state ownership of the means of production and justifies subordination of the individual to the community, but often through democratic means and with less of a totalitarian or authoritarian bent than communism. (metaphysics) The doctrines of Plotinus (205-270 CE) and his followers, or more generally the tradition of such thought stretching from late antiquity into the Middle Ages and early Renaissance. The list of "isms" is long. This view was widespread among ancient Greek philosophers such as Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE) and Epicurus (341-270 BCE), and was revived in modern times by philosophers such as Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) and scientists such as Robert Boyle (1627-1691), the founder of modern chemistry. With regard to literature, realism is a focus on the often-gritty reality of life as it is, without the idealization inherent in romanticism; this usage is sometimes also applied in the visual arts. (metaphysics) The view that only particular entities exist; another term for metaphysical individualism or concretism. In fact, Buddhism is quite similar to Taoism in many ways, although Buddhism is closer to transcendentalism since it puts a greater value on ultimate detachment and eternal enlightenment, a state known as nirvana. English philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) and Italian political theorist Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) are often characterized as descriptivists. (metaphysics) The view that human beings are to be held responsible for their actions even if determinism is true. Hegel was probably the first philosopher to think of history as a dialectical process, which inspired the dialectical materialism of Marxism. (metaphysics) Atheism is an active disbelief in the existence of gods, deities, and supernatural powers; in this respect it is similar to secularism and opposed to any variety of theism. [From Greek deontos: that which is binding, right, proper.]. (epistemology) The view (similar to contextualism) that judgments of truth and value depend on an individual’s context or viewpoint. Can range from advocacy of peaceful solutions to problems, to a stance where all violence or force is considered morally wrong. The Social Justice Center at Washington University has crafted a list of -isms that pervade our contemporary world. (metaphysics) Descartes is often considered the founder of modern philosophy (although his ideas owed much to medieval thinkers such as Avicenna). Can western philosophy save the world from the AI apocalypse? This view is similar to holism, although holism asserts that all parts of reality are interconnected rather than that the Earth or the universe is a living thing. (politics) A movement of 20th-century politics holding that the rights of women are equal to those of men. Gravitism doesn’t exist because there aren’t agravitists, who deny the existence of gravity. Polytheism was the dominant view in ancient Greek and Roman religion, whereas Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are monotheistic. (metaphysics) The view that fundamentally only mind or spirit exists, or that mind or spirit is the fundamental substance in the universe. In metaphysics and ethics, it is a form of fatalism since it insists upon absolute submission to the arbitrary will of Allah; in ethics and politics, it is a form of authoritarianism since it insists upon absolute submission to the edicts of Mohammed and his successors or earthly representatives. (epistemology) The idea that certain knowledge is unattainable (similar to fallibilism), but that probable belief provides a firm enough basis for practical living (similar to pragmatism). Deontologism is usually contrasted with teleologism (an emphasis on goals) and consequentialism (an emphasis on results), but sometimes is also contrasted with egoism and eudaimonism (an emphasis on personal happiness or fulfillment as opposed to conformance with moral imperatives). Epicurus founded his school in an Athenian garden in the generation after the death of Aristotle and it flourished throughout the Mediterranean for over 700 years. I have far greater conviction in the force of gravity than atheism or vegetarianism, yet I don’t call myself a gravitist. (epistemology) A kind of radical empiricism holding that the meaning of a word is determined by the specific nature of the physical action or task to which it refers, and that different physical actions have different meanings even if referred to by the same word (e.g., assault with a stick and assault with one’s fist are two different operations and thus two different concepts). [From English situation: a specific combination of circumstances.]. (politics) In the 19th century, the word “communitarian” referred to members of voluntary communities formed to put socialist or communist ideas into practice (close to the more recent usage of the term communalism). political isms; cultural isms; social justice isms; systemic isms; philosophical isms . For example, Epicureanism was opposed to the ancient Cyrenaic philosophers, who claimed that sensual pleasures are superior to intellectual or emotional pleasures. Its guiding phrase, formulated by Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980), was “existence precedes essence”. (ethics) A school and theory of ethics that advocated enlightened hedonism. Isms synonyms, Isms pronunciation, Isms translation, English dictionary definition of Isms. (politics) The doctrine that the highest political or social value is peace. These main categories are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to philosophy words ending in ism, and by no means are these all the isms in the world. political isms cultural isms social justice isms systemic isms philosophical isms These main … Continue Reading about Index of ISMS – Philosophy Words That End in ISM, with Meanings → [From the name of the Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BCE).]. Historically, intuitionism has tended to be associated with deontologism. (ethics) The ancient Greek school of Cynic philosophers, founded by Antisthenes (a student of Socrates), held that pure virtue is the only good and cultivated an asceticism more rigorous than that of Epicureanism or Stoicism. belief in mutual dependence of society and the individual nativism belief that the mind possesses inborn thoughts naturalism belief that the world can be explained in terms of natural forces necessarianism theory that actions are determined by prior history; fatalism neonomianism theory that the gospel abrogates earlier moral codes The opposing view is prescriptivism. (metaphysics) The view that human beings can achieve perfection in this life; also called perfectibilism. are based on the characteristics of the human organism. (metaphysics) The doctrine that reality exists outside of the mind and that entities retain their identity no matter what human beings think or feel about them; another word for realism, in opposition to subjectivism. (epistemology) A radical form of relativism (similar to polylogism and opposed to scientism and objectivism) holding that there are no privileged viewpoints and that objective knowledge is effectively unattainable. Hedonism is usually a kind of egoism or individualism. ), [From Latin sensualis: relating to the senses of perception.]. Although “natural” markets may favor the creation of capital, not everything that favors the creation of capital is natural or non-ideological. [A privative term derived from Latin moralis: pertaining to customs or rules of behavior.]. The difference, to me, appears to be a more social one. (ethics) A school of thought, founded by the Greek philosopher Zeno of Citium (c. 334-262 BCE) and popular in the Roman Empire, that emphasized the ethical independence of the individual by holding that “virtue is enough for happiness” and therefore that one should be indifferent to external goods like wealth, fame, honor, and power. The seven “isms”—or in politer parlance, “strands”—will encompass the rights of women, ethnic minorities, gays, the old, the religious, the disabled and the human rights of all Britons. (aesthetics) The principle (opposed by abstractionism) that visual art should represent reality; sometimes also called realism. Closely related to Pythagoreanism was the religious sect of Orphism, which held similar views but which was more a form of asceticism. (religion) Perhaps the first example of monotheism among the religions of the world, Zoroastrianism held that there is a neverending struggle between good or truth and evil or deceit (a kind of dualism that influenced both gnosticism and Manicheism), that human beings have free will to choose between good and evil, and that individuals are subject to a final judgment and assignment to heaven or hell. See my post on 10 Romanticism Books that Shook the World, here. Some widely publicized and discussed social "-isms" include racism, sexism, and ageism. (epistemology) A theory of knowledge holding that all concepts are formed through the customary or even arbitrary connection of an image or mental idea with an object (based on similarity, closeness in space or time, etc.). All material on this page © 1996-2014 Stephen Chrisomalis. (ethics) The idea (similar to humanism) that the affairs of this world should be the most important concerns for ethics and human life. [From Greek mustikos: relating to the ancient mystery religions or their adherents; later, having to do with any sacred mystery.]. ], [From French romans: a heroic tale written in a vernacular language.]. Early Buddhism probably also influenced ancient Greek skepticism since the founder of Pyrrhonism was converted to philosophy in Gandhara on the northwestern fringes of India. The term “mysticism” usually carries religious connotations; similar views in philosophy proper are irrationalism in epistemology and intuitionism in ethics. related. (metaphysics) The idea (similar to optimism) that society can be improved through appropriate human actions, or that the human condition is continually improving. (system) The doctrines of Plato or the tradition of philosophizing that he founded. A related but more positive term is syncretism. Although in America the word now refers to a kind of egalitarianism or even democratic socialism, in other parts of the world it still refers to something like political libertarianism. (metaphysics) The idea (similar to animism, pantheism, and organicism) that a world soul is present in everything that exists. [From English experiment: a controlled test undertaken to test a hypothesis or discover some truth; derived from Latin experiri: to try.]. (metaphysics) Any metaphysical or cosmological idea that reality is fundamentally made up of extremely small, indivisible particles. Our ISMs are influenced by our background, culture and personal experiences. (approach) Another term for rationalism, logicism, or scholasticism. (Sometimes also called sensationism or sensualism. ], [From English conventional: arbitrarily or artificially determined, in accordance with accepted standards of truth, conduct, or taste; derived from Latin conventionem: meeting or assembly.]. (psychology) The theories of Sigmund Freud or the tradition of psychological thought and psychoanalytic practice spawned by his theories. Please consult a major dictionary before e-mailing your query. Although there is a kinship between fallibilism and skepticism, the term fallibilism usually refers only to the doctrine in some forms of Christianity that human beings cannot know the mind of God. Holism is opposed to dualism but respects particularism and therefore is also generally opposed to monism because interconnection does not imply unity. In general, subjectivism is a personalized form of relativism that in its most radical forms borders on emotionalism, irrationalism, or even solipsism. Classicism was all about being objective and not subjective. [From English history: the systematic study of the past; derived from Greek historia: an investigation or account of something.]. [From Latin transcendentalis: going beyond or above something. Pyrrhonism) and perhaps also early Taoism and Buddhism, the view (similar to fallibilism) that the most careful approach in epistemology is to suspend assent to knowledge claims and value judgments beyond obvious perceptual truths. The objectives of ISMS are the dissemination of information on new developments and the science of mushrooms and to stimulate exchange of new ideas between growers and scientists around the world. (epistemology) The view (opposed to empiricism) that some or all knowledge can be gained without reference to experience. Getty Images. (metaphysics) The view (opposed to creationism) that the universe is eternal. Materialism is opposed to metaphysical idealism and considers any talk of consciousness or the soul to be a throwback to the bad old days of spiritualism and vitalism. (metaphysics) The view that all entities are connected together; another word for holism. The study of how it was received and preserved. (approach) A style of philosophy that emphasizes rigid adherence to doctrine over rational and enlightened inquiry. [From Latin classicus: of the highest class, of the first order.]. Libertarianism is similar to classical liberalism and sometimes verges on anarchism. (metaphysics) A form of materialism (stronger than concretism) holding that physical entities are the only real existents and that mental phenomena like mind and consciousness are either illusory or reducible to physical phenomena. Unfortunately, because of the history of Aristotle’s writings in the West (they disappeared for centuries only to be rediscovered again around 1200 CE at the height of the logicism of the Middle Ages), Aristotle often is blamed for the mistakes and views of his interpreters. In essence, the word capitalism describes a society that favors or encourages the formation and investment of wealth in production. (politics) The idea that a leader or government possesses moral or legal supremacy and the right to command others without their consent. adultism = systemic and systematic prejudice and discrimination against young people and children. [From English concrete: a material thing or actual reality as opposed to an abstract quality, state, or activity; derived from Latin concretus: grown together.]. [From Latin nihil: nothing, non-existence.]. In particular, this doctrine is one constituent of Cartesianism, since Descartes (1596-1650) advocated a strict determinism or mechanism in biology. Links to this page may be made without permission. P . It is non-political and non-profit making. (ethics) The view that ethics merely represents or describes how human beings act in real life and that ethics cannot prescribe normative human values. The term is most often used in discussions of perception; the more general term is phenomenalism. (ethics) Another word for intellectualism. In practice, vitalism involves a dualism of matter and life. [From Greek anthropos: human being, and from Latin centrum: middle point.]. Epicurus held that true pleasure consists in the absence of all bodily pains and mental disturbances, a condition he claimed could be easily achieved through moderation, friendship, and the pursuit of wisdom. Although the term has connotations of sensualism and emotionalism, philosophical hedonists (such as those in the tradition of Epicureanism) advocate an enlightened hedonism that is often a kind of naturalism. Although this kind of free-market or laissez-faire capitalism is opposed by political philosophies such as socialism and communism and allied with political philosophies such as classical liberalism and libertarianism, numerous economists and social theorists insist that market phenomena emerge organically from human trading and therefore that capitalism is not an “ism” in the ideological sense. Historically, deism was a kind of way station between the theism of the Middle Ages and the agnosticism or outright atheism of modern times. doctrine of government by a single absolute ruler; autocracy, doctrine that we live in an irrational universe, disbelief in existence of eternal universe distinct from God, doctrine of theological indifference or latitudinarianism, belief that Christ was the adopted and not natural son of God, doctrine that beauty is central to other moral principles, belief in ultimate triumph of good despite evil means, doctrine that we can know nothing beyond material phenomena, doctrine that all governments should be abolished, doctrine that the wicked are utterly destroyed after death, attribution of human qualities to non-human things, doctrine opposed to removing Church of England's official religion status, denial of doctrine of the fall of humanity, doctrine of the imminent end of the world, doctrine that self-denial of the body permits spiritual enlightenment, belief that the universe consists of small indivisible particles, belief that one can obtain salvation through oneself, belief that one is God incarnate or that one is Christ, the doctrine that the world is good but not perfect, belief in the importance of metallic currency in economics, doctrine that private ownership and free markets should govern economies, the belief that chance governs all things, belief in the wrongness of infant baptism, belief in rapid geological and biological change, doctrine of communal control of means of production, theory that church is independent from the state, theory of classless society in which individuals cannot own property, theory that universal truths exist as mental concepts, belief in maintaining political and social traditions, belief that knowledge and reality do not have an objective value, belief that the cosmos is a self-existing whole, the belief that identifies God with the cosmos, doctrine that events are predetermined by preceding events or laws, belief in two equal gods, one good and one evil, doctrine that the universe is controlled by one good and one evil force, belief that humans ought to be equal in rights and privileges, doctrine that the pursuit of self-interest is the highest good, theory that moral statements are inherently biased, doctrine that the experience of the senses is the only source of knowledge, doctrine of joining a group to change its policies, doctrine that mental processes are epiphenomena of brain activity, the belief that matter has existed eternally, ethical belief that happiness equals morality, explanation of mythology as growing out of history, doctrine of individual human responsibility in an unfathomable universe, doctrine that knowledge comes from experience, the doctrine that empirical knowledge is uncertain, doctrine that events are fixed and humans are powerless, doctrine that knowledge depends on faith over reason, doctrine emphasising utility and function, belief that Earth is the centre of the universe, belief that freedom derives solely from knowledge, belief that the Bible can be presented to unlearned without commentary, doctrine that there is only one kind of existence, belief in one tribal god, but not as the only god, belief that all phenomena are historically determined, doctrine that parts of any thing must be understood in relation to the whole, belief in baptism with total immersion in water, belief that human interests and mind are paramount, doctrine that the highest moral obligation is to improve human welfare, belief that matter is cause of the universe, belief in ability of matter to affect the spiritual world, belief that the universe is purely material, doctrine that all matter is endowed with life, belief that our experiences of the world consist of ideas, doctrine that objective and subjective, or matter and mind, are identical, doctrine that ignorance is a favourable thing, belief that the external world is philosophy, doctrine of use of precise images with unrestricted subject, the doctrine that there is no material substance, the belief that all religions are equally valid, belief that individual interests and rights are paramount, doctrine that ideas are instruments of action, belief that all knowledge is derived from reason, belief that mind and body act on each other, doctrine that knowledge of mind must derive from introspection, belief that the perception of truth is by intuition, system of belief that is hostile to religions, polytheism in which each god is considered single and supreme, doctrine that Christ rid himself of divinity in becoming human, doctrine of opposition to clergy and priests, doctrine of broad liberality in religious belief and conduct, belief that an unlikely opinion may be safely followed, belief that salvation depends on strict adherence to the law, doctrine that personal liberty is the highest value, belief that matter is the only extant substance, belief that life is explainable by mechanical forces, the belief the world tends to become better, belief that the world can be explained as aspect of the mind, belief that an ideal society will be produced in the near future, belief in unity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit, theory that there exist ultimate units of being, theory that the Holy Spirit alone can act, belief that all things can be placed in one category, belief that Christ was primarily divine but in human form, belief that individuals have a single eternal soul, belief in mutual dependence of society and the individual, belief that the mind possesses inborn thoughts, belief that the world can be explained in terms of natural forces, theory that actions are determined by prior history; fatalism, theory that the gospel abrogates earlier moral codes, theory that total material explanation is impossible, denial of all reality; extreme scepticism, doctrine that naming of things defines reality, view that moral conduct consists in observance of laws, doctrine that we live in the best of all possible worlds, conception of life or society as an organism, theory that consciousness may inhere generally in matter, theory that the material universe is all that exists, belief that world is part but not all of God�s being, theory that all nature has a psychic side, theory that all thought derived from sexual instinct, belief in origin of life from extraterrestrial germs, belief that the universe is God; belief in many gods, belief that humans and animals share vital life energy, belief that matter and mind don�t interact but relate, doctrine that humans capable of becoming perfect, doctrine that moral perfection constitutes the highest value, doctrine that humans possess spiritual freedom, doctrine that the universe is essentially evil, belief that phenomena are the only realities, belief that all phenomena reducible to verifiable assertions, attribution of physical form and attributes to deities, belief that reality consists of several kinds or entities, doctrine that that which is not observable is not knowable, doctrine emphasizing practical value of philosophy, belief that what ever is to happen is already fixed, belief that moral edicts are merely orders with no truth value, doctrine that a simple and natural life is morally best, attitude of avoiding involvement in outside interests, belief that when in doubt one must choose most likely answer, belief that knowledge is always probable but never absolute, doctrine that inanimate objects have human mentality, belief souls sleep from death to resurrection, doctrine that God is a purely spiritual entity, doctrine of enlightenment through mental tranquility, belief that race is the primary determinant of human capacities, belief that reason is the fundamental source of knowledge, doctrine that objects of cognition are real, belief that complex phenomena are reducible to simple ones, doctrine of the monarch's supremacy in church affairs, doctrine that ideas rather than external objects are basis of knowledge, belief that a republic is the best form of government, humorous theory that inanimate objects display malice towards humans, belief in sentimental feeling in artistic expression, belief that priests are necessary mediators between God and mankind, belief that sacraments have unusual properties, belief that the methods of science are universally applicable, doctrine that the actions of a self are determined by itself, belief that ideas originate solely in sensation, belief in systematic inequalities between the sexes, belief that the stars influence human affairs, doctrine that true knowledge is always uncertain, doctrine of centralized state control of wealth and property, excessive use of solar myths in explaining mythology, doctrine that faith alone will ensure salvation, theory that self-existence is the only certainty, doctrine that matter has only spatial, temporal and causal properties, belief that nothing is real except the soul or spirit, belief that the consecrated Eucharist is digested and evacuated, belief in indifference to pleasure or pain, doctrine that all knowledge is subjective, belief that there is a real existence underlying phenomena, doctrine of direct worker control of capital, belief that human will and divine spirit cooperate in salvation, doctrine that there is a time limit for repentance, belief in the existence of God without special revelation, belief that God is central fact of existence, belief that the soul is of a divine nature, belief that the soul dies with the body, to be reborn on day of judgement, spirit of revolt or defiance against social conventions, doctrine of toleration of religious differences, belief that a group has a special kinship with an object or animal, theory that emphasizes that which transcends perception, belief that soul passes into other body at death, doctrine that humans have three separate essences (body, soul, spirit), belief that the members of the Trinity are separate gods, belief in the superiority of one particular religious creed, theory that individuals have a second or other self, doctrine that one should take the safer moral course, belief that utility of actions determines moral value, the doctrine that there is a vital force behind life, belief that the will dominates the intellect, doctrine that life originates from a single vital principle, conception of a god or man in animal form, attribution of divine qualities to animals.
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